El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje :: Spanish Essays

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el LenguajeLa palabrael hablaes la casa del ser. En su morada habita el hombre. Los pensantes y los poetas news los vigilantes de esta morada.Carta sobre el humanismo M. Heidegger (1)Las palabras son de todos Eugenio Montale (2)RESUMEN Advirtase que no es caprichosa la eleccin de los acpites que guiarn el presente trabajo. Ambos, expresan un sentido de verdad respecto de sus propias disciplinas la filosofa y la poesa, materias singularmente destacadas por M. Heidegger en cuanto a la custodia del instrumento ms valioso en poder el hombre. Instrumento, herramienta, morada, condensados en la palabra humana que, a su vez, es propiedad de todos segn Montale. La brevedad de las pginas que seguirn intentarn enforcar los problemas de la comunicacin desde el lenguaje, la filosofa y la literatura, no slo como hilo conductor conservation of parity desarrollar el tema, sino como tributo que se rinde a quienes pasaron su vida inmersos en tales problemas, dedicados a resolverlos y a ahorrar al resto de la humanidad las consecuencias ntimas y externas de ese debatirse.Paul Valery nos advirti que dos abismos no cesan de amenazar al hombre el orden y el desorden. En la prolongada lucha por alcanzar un digno medio entre ambas catstrofes, la comunicacincomo vehculo universal de intercambio entre los habitantes de nuestro planeta juega un papel de fundamental importancia la de poner la casa en orden, por lo menos relativo, mirror symmetry que esa morada sea habitada, Vivida, con decoro. Lamentablemente, prolongados perodos histricos, se caracterizan por ignorar la sabia advertencia de Heidegger en cuanto a los custodios del habla (poetas y pensadores) quienes no slo son ignorados sino sencilla y fatalmente barridos de la faz de la tierra o silenciados de modo drstico check bit que la comunicacin humana no adquiera sino una bablica confusin proclive a envolver en ella a los hombres y sus conductas.Ordenar la morada heideggeriana sin descuidar su calidez, sin abandonar una tica que partiendo de la palabra misma se contine en los actos, implica un ciclpeo trabajo que deber asumirse hasta el fin de los tiempos, pues el hombre finito aspira a la infinitud de cierta perfeccin diacrnica.Si el hombre mora en el habla y las palabras son de todos, ello requerir no una seleccin, no una plyade de pensadores y poetas, sino toda una humanidad capaz de superar sus propios peligros y de comunicarse en cdigos limpios y fcilmente interpretables.

Oakland, CA :: essays research papers

The Forgotten CityThis paper will discuss the many an(prenominal) droll aspects of Oakland, California. Divided into five major parts, Oakland is a very diverse city. The five major parts include Downtown Oakland which is located in the heart of the city, eastern United States Oakland which consists of the majority of the city, West Oakland, North Oakland, and the Oakland hills where the terrain is quite different from other parts of the city. While many may perceive the population to mainly consist of African Americans and Whites, there is a significant growing population of Latinos, and Asians. The topics covered in this paper will shed light on the city of Oakland itself, and discuss the quaint city that it is. I will also give my personal experience and perception on the city, after living there for 16 years of my life. taleIn historical terms the city of Oakland was named after the many Oak trees that inhabited the land when the city was established. Oakland was first fou nded in 1852 and is located on the easterly side of the Bay Area in Northern California.(Oakland History) Native Americans had previously lived in the area for over 5 thousand years before many arrived for the Gold Rush, and put down their roots. The historied author Jack London also spent many of his earlier years in Oakland, and his works take away said to have been influenced by the city. My personal perception of Oakland is that it has always been the forgotten city in the Bay Area. Almost no one would notice that famous actors Clint Eastwood, and Tom Hanks spent many of their childhood days in the city. Basketball future foyer of famers Gary Payton and Jason Kidd also spent their childhood days there. Baseball hall of famers Reggie Jackson and Ricky Henderson still own homes in the city. In modern times Oakland is known as the main metropolitan city in the East Bay. The city possesses 3 professional sports teams, which have a population of just below 400,000. Oakland is also the 3rd largest metropolitan city in the Bay Area screwing San Jose, and San Francisco.( Encyclopedia Britannica ) The city mayor is the ex Governor of California Jerry Brown. Located in Alameda County Oaklands area consists of a total square mileage of 78.2 miles, of which 56.1 miles is land, and the latter(prenominal) consisting of water.( Encyclopedia Britannica ) Oakland also possesses the 3rd largest seaport on the west coast.

Comparing Virtue and Vice in Utopia, The Bible, and Othello Essay

Comparing Virtue and Vice in Utopia, The Bible, and OthelloThe definition of moral excellence varies between cultures and societies. Utopian ideas of fair play do not necessarily agree with Biblical or Elizabethan England views, however, Mores Utopia, the Biblical accounts in Genesis of Joseph and Jacob, and Shakespeares Othello all present the concept of virtue prevailing over unrighteousness. Although at times vice may appear to triumph over virtue, ultimately poetry presents virtue as superior base on the differing definitions of virtue. The punishment of vice and advocacy of virtue is a popular theme of literature and the reason why Sir Philip Sidney correctly asserts that poetry encourages virtue and condemns vice as repulsive.Mores Utopia advocates the pursuit of virtue, however, virtue is defined as a type of hedonism. Utopians follow a unique definition of virtue, which advocates a behavior of pleasure and the pursuit of happiness. Virtue is considered living the way peo ple are designed to live, or according to nature. Utopians believe this translates as living a spirit based on achieving pleasure. The Utopian definition of pleasure may include helping other people, humanitarian views which are still advocated in the 21st century, still definitely does not include working hard for painful virtue which they consider not true virtue at all if you must impoverish yourself and suffer misery. A virtuous life is encouraged by the punishment of crime, or vice. Utopians reward virtue, and punish those who attempt crime. Strict slavery is the punishment for violating wed vows, and the other punishments are determined based on the extent of the crime. Mores fictional world of Utopia contrasts virtue and vice in society and upholds virtue as... ...e and despised character who endeavors to escape the misery of his life through suicide. The virtuous character of Cassio, shows the ultimate success and triumph of virtue over vice as he attains worldly succes s and defeats Iago, who is full of vice. These complex literary characters present morality as desirable and vices as deplorable.The narratives of Genesis, Utopia, and Othello all exemplify the achievements and victories of virtuous characters or traits. The failures and miseries inherently connected with vices are also presented. These literary works corroborate Sir Philips claim that poetry presents virtue in a light so that one must needs be enamored of her. It can be assumed, therefore, that the study of literary works such as these can only reform morals and virtues, and for the good of American society, all students should major in Literature.

Benefits of Internships :: Career Jobs

Readings for the 21st CenturyNo Time for FunMost detainships are good to have because they volunteer and help to begin with they become an employee. Companies find medical interns from the interns coming to them. Corporations and companies get the interns because most interns want to look for good business sectors they want, because most of them have college credits, and are flavor for experience. Companies and corporations get interns because they are looking for a good record of good experience in the position they are applying for. There are many eudaemonias for the interns. Although, internships are usually thought of as benefiting the actual intern, they offer the employer many benefits as well. Internships are great for the employer because of the help they give, costs they dont have to pay for, usually, boosted credentials, such as qualifications and they benefit from potential future employees.The job above the interns, employers, gets lots of help from interns in lots of ways. 2Interns help from anywhere form, building, cleaning up, and specialized camps and summer-abroad programs(Lab, 77). Interns pose the employers job a whole lot easier. They dont have to work as much as they would if an intern didnt care to help. But the interns make sure they do, only to make a positive effect on the employer to hire them with more satisfaction. Princeton Review got so many tutoring requests in the ritzy Hamptons this course of study that it had to rent a summer house to accommodate all the tutors.(Labi,77). Tony Bialoruki, 18, of Toledo, Ohio, was a caddy before trading in his golf clubs for a toolbox tolerate summer to help build an orphanage in Guatemala.(Labi,77) Employers, companies, and corporations enjoy having interns around. Most of the employers dont have to pay for interns to come and gain experience. They find it expert to have them come and learn, and have experience which makes the job easier and get better at the work they have for them. And companies can save money just for having an intern with great qualities work for them, and make the companies look good for what it deserves. The job market is as strong as we have seen it in decades.(Labi,77) On the other hand, fence in Street, New York City, interns can earn up to $seven hundred dollars weekly, and sometimes get bonuses of $two thousand to $three thousand dollars(Labi,77) Boosted credentials benefits the employer by the interns qualifications such as, a college

Abortion is Not the Reason for Lower Crime Rates Essay -- Argumentativ

What is wrong with the ivory tower? The appointment of Peter (Death to Disabled Newborns) Singer to the bioethics faculty at Princeton University has generated considerable controversy. Recently, University of scratch economist Steven Levitt and Stanford University Law School professor John Donohue III created a furor with their research paper Legalized Abortion and Crime. The authors contend that legalized abortion fueled the downslope in crime in the 1990s because a new subclass of humanity theyve identified- women most at risk to have children who would engage in criminal military action-have higher abortion rates, thus preemptively executing the would-be felons. This subclass, we are told, is populated predominantly by women who are teens, single and/or African American. Talk most your prenatal racial profiling The American public is supposed to be grateful to have been spared the cost of not only the crimes, but due process, political campaign by jury, incarceration, appea ls and execution. The paper footnotes even the title with preliminary and incomplete, and contains all manner of caveats on the well recognized potential pettycomings of the crime data and concedes the general impossibility of always proving the asserted causal link with any degree of certainty. Yet it brazenly attempts to put a happy face on the achingly personal and national catastrophe that is abortion. That is why articles extolling the findings are popping up throughout the pro-abortion press, while indignant editorials are questioning the authors eugenicist leanings. It was, after all, Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger who established preventative clinics in ghettos so that defectives and human weeds could be eliminated. Wi... ...gnant, compared to 20 percent of girls in the same age group in D.C. public schools. About 10 percent of the Best Friends participants ages 12-18 had had sex, compared to 72% of their peers. Why the pedigree in crime in the 1990s? M any plausible explanations have been reported (and given short shrift by the authors), including higher conviction rates and longer prison terms which are keeping repeat offenders off the streets, more police and better policing strategies, decline in the crack cocaine trade and higher expenditures in victim precautions like security guards, alarms, car theft devices, etc. Might I give notice another avenue of research? Lets determine what conditions lead families to produce academics who have no sense of the sanctity and dignity of human life. Some early puerility intervention in values education might really pay off.

Abortion is Not the Reason for Lower Crime Rates Essay -- Argumentativ

What is wrong with the ivory tower? The appointment of Peter (Death to Disabled Newborns) Singer to the bioethics faculty at Princeton University has generated significant controversy. Recently, University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and Stanford University Law School professor John Donohue III created a furor with their research paper Legalized Abortion and Crime. The authors contend that legalized abortion furnish the drop in crime in the 1990s because a new subclass of humanity theyve identified- women most at risk to have children who would engage in wretched activity-have higher abortion rates, thus preemptively executing the would-be felons. This subclass, we are told, is populated predominantly by women who are teens, single and/or African American. tittle-tattle about your prenatal racial profiling The American public is supposed to be grateful to have been spared the cost of not only the crimes, but repayable process, trial by jury, incarceration, appeals and ex ecution. The paper footnotes even the title with preliminary and incomplete, and contains all manner of caveats on the well recognized potential shortcomings of the crime data and concedes the general impossibility of ever proving the asserted causal link with any degree of certainty. Yet it brazenly attempts to put a happy face on the achingly personal and internal tragedy that is abortion. That is why articles extolling the findings are popping up throughout the pro-abortion press, while indignant editorials are questioning the authors eugenicist leanings. It was, after all, Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger who ceremonious contraceptive clinics in ghettos so that defectives and human weeds could be eliminated. Wi... ...gnant, compared to 20 percent of girls in the same age group in D.C. public schools. close to 10 percent of the Best Friends participants ages 12-18 had had sex, compared to 72% of their peers. Why the decline in crime in the 1990s? Many plausibl e explanations have been reported (and stipulation short shrift by the authors), including higher conviction rates and longer prison terms which are keeping repeat offenders off the streets, more police and discover policing strategies, decline in the crack cocaine trade and higher expenditures in victim precautions like security guards, alarms, car theft devices, etc. Might I suggest another avenue of research? Lets determine what conditions lead families to produce academics who have no sense of the sanctity and dignity of human life. Some earliest childhood intervention in values education might really pay off.

Comparing four or more poems Essay

The world around you is full of kinships. Some acceptable, some bad. A relationship can bring happiness and love whilst also saving sadness and unpleasantness. Two people having emotional feeling for each new(prenominal), sharing those feelings with comfort and pleasure, form a relationship. Many will say that a relationship is the vanquish thing ever, whilst others may say its also the worst. When a relationship forms why does there al agencys engage to be a good and a bad part? One of the poems I have studied is this be the verse by Philip Larkin. It is nigh a child blaming e verything that has happened to him on his parents.Larkin has verbalised his feelings for a relationship by using the bitter and brutal tidings fuck. He chooses these choices of news programs to shock the readers and members of his family. When the poem was write in 1960 the word fuck would have been even more collide withensive than it is now. Ask yourself why call the poem this be the verse? Larki n uses the word be to get his consign across on relationships. Using the word be makes his opinion a fixed thing. Larkins uses of language in this poem sets out the pessimistic word picture that your parents destroy you.You can tell that him and his parents have never really got along by the quote they fuck you up your mum and dad. Larkin is applying that your parents mess you up when he states they may non mean to but they do. He also sets up the image of hatred by using the rhythm to cut in an effect of anger. The rhythm is bouncy and contracts with the message. Having said that it also depends on your mood when reading the poem. Larkin simply had a disruptive childhood by the touch sensation and the mood of his poem. Add some extra just for you. Larkin dents the ironic image by implying he is ashamed of his parents and their parents.The second verse sets up the ikon that Larkin mightiness have changed his mind about his parents as the first word is but. However I was wron g he carries on throughout the verse slagging off his parents and grandparents by saying by fools in old style hats and coats. On verse three he still hasnt changed his mind about his distraught childhood and his hatred towards his parents. It deepens like a coastal shelf Larkin explains that his hurt and hatred built up and deepens more every time he got hurt. Larkin obviously cannot forget about this childhood and forgive his parents for the way he has turned out.He states get out as early as you can. Larkin gets the impression across the just way to stop you tuning out like you family is to kill yourself. This be the verse is a misanthropic poem. Does this mean that Philip Larkin agrees with Sartre, that hell is other people? My opinion towards this poem is that the poet, Philip Larkin is cruel and bitter towards his parents. He gives off the impression very clearly that he has no respect for his parents and grandparents what so ever. And it is very clear that he is not willing to forgive his parents for the way in which he has turned out.However his opinion is different than mine. I feel that the way you turn out has some effect on your parents. However most of it is up to you, by the way you choose to dot things and the way you choose to select from your mistakes yourself. Another poem I have chosen to study is called the chuck equation written by Brian geta. What is a healthy equation? One that works, that provides an answer. clog is implying that the sick equation is one that doesnt work. Signifying that his parents dont work well together. At the beginning of each poem this be the verse and the sick equation they both have a point of comparison.Both poets bring the image across that a relationship is a fixed and bad thing by Patten using despotic and Larkin using be. Are both poets establishing the same message? Pattens poem talks about the difference at home and school. In school I learned that one and one made two and could have been engraved in stone, an absolute I could not question or refute. Patten gives out the impression that at school everything has an answer however at home zero adds up. He the goes on to use the ironic message but home sweet home he uses irony to get the message across that he doesnt care.I feel using irony has more of an impact that not using it. In the second verse Patten uses the strong word raw. He describes that he is feeling hurt and the hatred towards his parents has grown strongly. In that raw cocoon of parental hate. I came to believe how it was best that one remained one, for two, one at least would suffer so. Here Patten explains that for the best its better to keep yourself to yourself, as if you are to become perpetrate at least one of you would hurt. He objects with his mum and dad being together as one of them is always hurting.In the second verse Patten is applying that he had love but permit it go by the comment believing this I threw away so many gifts- I never let love stay enough to take to take root, but by thinking myself of too little worth I crushed all its messengers. His parents have let love go for him, they have spoiled love for him, the way his mum and dad acted towards each other impacted into Patten that love is not a good thing. He goes on to stay I grew-or did not grow-and kept my head down low, and drifted with the crowd. Even though he grew on the outside in height he still remained immature on the inside.I stayed apart, stayed one claiming separateness was out of choice, and at every wedding ceremonial occasion I saw the shadow albatross- divorce- fall over groom and bride. By saying this it implied that for some time that Patten never had the courage to have a full time relationship, as he was scared that the same might happen to him that happened to his parents. It feels that Patten sees a divorce at the beginning of a wedding. In the final verse Patten states that he cant blame his parents for the way he turned out. (Unlike Larkin ) he explains to the reader that he cant judge everyone for the way they are or that way they have been brought up.He changes his opinion on his parents towards the end of the poem. Its absurd to believe all others are as damaged as we, the lesson that our parents taught he clearly feels he cannot blame his family for what had happened to him now and in the past. He can forgive and forget, unlike Larkin. Unlike Larkin, Patten chooses to only highlight the positive side of a relationship. Pattens choice of words hammer to message into the head that not all relationships are bad, just because he had a bad experience he learnt that you will always be able to love someone.The language he uses relates to his loneliness and hurt in his past. He expresses his poisonous past through his poetry. Another poem I looked at is looking for dad again by Brain Patten. You can guess what Patten is personnel casualty to talk about before reading it for yourself. His dad. The poem is about a boy who thinks his dad has ran away because he hadnt tided his room, when really it was just another(prenominal) relationship ending disruptly. The poem is set out from the others, when you look at a poem the first thing you will notice is the fact is has verses. flavour for dad is all joint together without any verses.

HCF Company Essay

Evaluate the option of continue or law of closure of the Malaysian or Thailand operations. Should HCF consider starting its own label? Regarding to the case, HCF have two options either to continue or shutdown operations in Malaysia or Thailand. If they choose to shutdown operation in both Malaysia and Thailand, HCF should consider a few things. Firstly, the shutting down all factories in Malaysia and Thailand would costly around RM4.3 million. The costs argon give ear to the sale of Penang and Butterworth factories ( RM8.5 million), Chieng Mai and Jitra (RM1.2 million) and redundancy payments around RM3.0 million at minimum. Here, there have advantage and disadvantage of pulling down operation in Malaysia and Thailand. One of the military unit of closing down is harm HCF reputation as quality manufacture for both mens and womens clothes. In additions, closing down the factories in Malaysia and Thailand causes HCF loss of human capital. As said by Teoh Chin Teh, Factory Operation Director, a large number of employees would have to be retrenched and most of them argon working with HCF more than 10 years.Thus, it will affect to workers if Malaysia factories are closed. Secondly, HCF has an option to close down the factories in Jitra and Chieng Mai only. The costs of shutting down both factories are RM1.2 million. Besides that, Jitra and Chieng Mai are located in rural area and will make HCF hard to find new buyers to sell the factories rather than Penang and Butterworth factories which is located in strategic location. Other than that, HCF can save cost of workers in Jitra and Chieng Mai and concentrated the operation in Penang and Butterworth. Regarding the issue about HCF plan to have their own label, they should seclude a few consideration before proceed with the planning. First, the cost for setup the label is RM32.1 million (fixed costs and advertising costs). Besides, the probability id producing own label is petty(a) about 70% while the successful is only 30%. Thus, HCF should not yet started their own label until the companies getting stable and have profit.

To What Extent Was Stalins Reign Successful

Throughout the run of Stalin he was able to establish himself as a supremacyful dictator by means of totalitarian rule. He became the undisputed leader of the USSR and the factors that enabled him to do so were Industrialisation, his social policies and his ability to bruise Hitler in earth War Two. However, by Stalins political career he also encountered umteen failures. These were Collectivism, the purges and the terror he caused by the bulk living in Russia during his reign. Stalins reign was successful through Industrialisation.He modernised industry by introducing the 5-Year Plans, which consisted of two plans. The first plan from 1928 to 1933 and the second to 1932 to 1937 and they had the aims of improving the Russian industry. Many of the regions of the USSR were reversive. Stalin believed that to be gumptionward was to be defeated and enslaved, but if you are powerful people must beware of you. There were many successes of the 5-year plans. The USSR was turned int o a modern state, which was able to jibe Hitlers invasion and as well as that there began to be a genuine communist enthusiasm displayed among the young Pioneers.There were huge drastic improvements in the industry the output was projected to gain by an enormous 180% over 5 years and there were also huge achievements in coal, mark and hydroelectric power productions. The targets he had set were impossibly high however Stalin believed that he could force a nation to meet them. Overall throughout his reign he achieved fantastic successes, but at a big human hail, and while industrial output soared, the production of consumer goods remained static.Another way Stalin was successful during his reign was through his social policies. In 1936, Stalin published a new constitution. Soviet citizens were granted the right to a job, social security, equality, health care and education. They were also promised freedom of speech and right of a fair trial. Before this, after the 1917 revolutio n, there had been a lot of social changes however, Stalin returned the USSR to traditional values that related to the communist rules and regimes.Despite this, there was an increase in the number of women entering the workforce and child -minding services were set up in every factory to accommodate the needs a woman. Women had more(prenominal) rights given to them and the educational systems dramatically improved leaving to key successes. Stalin ultimately wanted the people to believe that strong leadership was good for the USSR and through this period he was seen in a very positive light. Evidently, through the introduction of new social policies, Stalin was successful during his reign over Russia.By having the ability to defeat Hitler in World War Two, Stalins reign was successful. Hitler at the time was attempting to invade the Soviet Union, and Stalin kept retreating into the Soviet territory. After many battles within the Soviet Territory, Hitler began to realise that the Sov iets were beginning to win battles. The broken troops in 1941 were replaced with new soldiers that were willing to defend the motherland. While Hitler was pouring more of his reserves into the battle, Stalin skillful began to scratch the surface of his reserves leaving him with more troops.After the battle of Stalingrad over 91,000 of Hitlers army had been captured and their supply line was cut. The rubicund Army pushed the Nazi forces back to Berlin in 1945 and in The Battle of Berlin The Red Army took control over Berlin, which is Germanys capital. Through his leadership skills and having the ability to not lose his nerve and quench in Moscow when Germany was closing in he was able to defeat Hitler in World War Two, evidently making Stalins reign successful. However, Stalin had many failures throughout his reign, one of which was through collectivism.Stalin had a strong desire to modernise agriculture, which led him to collectivise the farms of Russia, uniting them and putting them under full state control. Stalin scene he take to collectivise farms because Soviet agriculture was backward, food was needed for workers in towns and this was essential if the five-year plans were to succeed. The NEP wasnt working, by 1928 the USSR was short of 20 million grains that were needed to feed the people in towns. Another reason Stalin collectivised agriculture was because the Kulaks opposed communism, as they liked their private wealth. The Kulaks hid food from the government collectors and became very authoritative on peasants, so therefore, Stalin wanted to destroy them. From this came disastrous implications which included the fall of stock, an example of this is in 1928, 73 Tons of Grain was produced however, in 1933 this figure drop to 69 Tons of Grain produced. This lead to a famine because there wasnt enough food for the people of the USSR and in 1923, 33 million Russians died as a result of the famine.Another failure was that the Kulaks were eliminated, however, in Stalins eyes this was a major success. Overall through collectivism Stalin experienced a failure through his reign. Another failure during Stalins reign was through the Great Purges. At fist the actions of the purges were limited to removing membership cards. However, it became much more brutal as it escalated quickly as it expanded onto the majority of the population. One out of eighteen in the USSR was accused, put on trial and then either sent into extradite of executed.Some of the most developed minds in the government were killed because they didnt agree with the policies Stalin put forward. Purging of the officers in the army in the 1930s also weakened the Red Army, which caused the collapse and loss of Western Russia to Nazi forces in 1941. Through all of what the great purges caused another failure for Stalins reign. Through the terror that Stalin caused onto the people of Russia, people lived in fear of him, which became a failure of his career. Stalin believed that Russia had to be united, with him as a leader if it was to be strong.He also believed that Russia has 10 years to catch up with the westerly world before Germany invaded and because of this Stalin became extremely paranoid and power-mad. The results of Stalins enforced terror was Russia came to dominate the whole of the USSR, the Orthodox Church was attacked and twenty million people were arrested. closely people lived in fear of the secret police and the industry grew as the terror caused provided free slave labour. A Stalin cult was formed and the army and naval forces weakened due to the purges of leading officers.Through all of these things he caused terror to the people of Russia making this a failure in Stalins reign. Overall, Stalins greatest success included becoming the undisputed leader of the USSR through Industrialisation, his social policies and his ability to defeat Hitler in World War Two, however this came a greater cost to the people of Russia by collectivi sation, the Great Purges and the terror he enforced upon the people of Russia. So, therefore, Stalin was successful through his reign to some extent however he did surrender acts that hindered his success.

Labour Welfare Reforms

How Successful were the Reforms of the Post War stab Government 1945-51 in Solving the Social Problem that Faced Britain? By Nicole Anderson In May 1945, the calculus organisation that had steered Britain through the perilous days of the Second World War was finished. It was replaced by the childbed party who had the challenging task of re edifice the country by and by the losses of the Second World War. The Labour brass of 1945 made the first drastic steps towards the welfare posit. William Beveridge had been commissi one(a)d to write a report on the defecates of poverty and this became the basis for the Labour reforms.These reforms identified that there were five giants of poverty (Squalor, Want, Disease, Ignorance, and idleness), all of which would nonplus to be defeated in order to eradicate poverty. The attempts to contract these giants varied immensely in their levels of achievement and achievements of the aims to defeat poverty. sort out wing historiographer Bar nett criticised the Labour government reforms saying that expenditure should have been focussed on the economy, peculiarly after Britains involvement and loss in WW2.Whereas, modern historian Martin Pugh defends these reforms arguing that the expense was worthwhile as the reforms dramatically trim poverty and had a positive effect on the economy therefore stressing their importance. Therefore, I believe that it can be argued that the reforms of the Post War Labour government were triumphful in lessening the well-disposed problems that faced Britain through the tireless efforts of passing victorful and adequate reforms. star of the five identified giants was Want which directly related to to to the poverty that was being experienced by Britain. Before, Britain failed to possess whatsoever sort of systematic gage system and the few benefits that existed already were very selective and frequently means tested. However, in 1946 the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act was passed which provided compensation for injuries at work. This was a triumphful improvement for social check up ons in Britain as it was the first while women got paid the same rate as men.This was triumphful as it closed the gap amidst gender inequalities and as well meant that women would also be able to force themselves and their family out of poverty. In addition, the National Insurance Act of 1946 was also passed which was successful as it established the slogan of the Labour party from cradle to grave. It was one of its successes as it provided for all and all adults were involved which can be argued again in strengthening the idea of equality among everyone.It covered all stages of life that in advance were described as a struggle and included maternity, sickness, unemployment benefits, a retirement pension and a death grant. This was a successful nonion as at present everyone was given the opportunity to receive a help hand and therefore, it made it easier f or families to lift themselves out of poverty and create a better standard of existent for themselves. Similarly, the National Assistance Act 1948 was successful in reducing the levels of poverty as it acted as a safety net to meet the needs of those not covered by National Insurance.This again highlights Labours success in the field of reducing poverty as it encouraged and maintained the pure tone of financial stability for the pile of Britain, particularly of the lower classes therefore boosting the success of the Labour reforms. However, on the another(prenominal) hand it can also be argued that its success is very limited as in theory National Assistance was supposed to only act as a backup with most people being covered by National Insurance. However, this was not exactly the case and many were forced to apply for National Assistance which limited its success.In addition to this terminal point, by the early 1950s, 68% of all National Assistance went to supplement pensions . However, since National Assistance was smooth means tested many old people were slow to apply for it This limitation was due to the accompaniment that they remembered the dreaded means test of the 1930s and it can be argued to limits its success as it meant this proportion of the peoples remained unprotected and at a higher risk of poverty. Although, the opposite argument that it was successful essentially, should not be ultimately forgotten.In can be argued that these reforms were an improvement to the old social security system even though it can also be this new system could be expanded. Another argument that illustrates its blatant success is that the corporeal protect of pensions increased dramatically since the 1930s intend that the elderly population benefited from it enormously. In addition, historians such as Pat Thane argue that the social security system was of real advantage to women and lower classes this was particularly successful as it showed how beneficial it was in their struggle to lift themselves out of poverty.Historian Thane wholly backs up this viewpoint by stating the social security system was a real advantage especially of many woman and also those of the lower middle class therefore showing how the success of it affected all ends of the social spectrum. However, the most classic piece of evidence to suggest its ultimate success is that Rowntree did a second survey of poverty in 1950 and found that poverty in York was down to 2%, compared to 36% in 1936. Therefore, this significant decrease is simple evidence that shows the dramatic impact of the Labour reforms related directly to Want.Thus, it proves that in this sense these reforms were very successful. Disease was the second giant that was tackled and again, was arguably a reasonable success and even argued to be the greatest achievement of the welfare state. Beforehand, only less than half the population were covered by existing health insurance set by the Liberals in 1 911. Those who were not covered still had to pay for a doctor at a great expense. In addition, hospitals still relied on voluntary efforts and therefore suffered as a result these reforms were successful as they completely revolutionised this old system.The NHS Act was passed in 1946 but came into practise by 1948. It offered a full range of help desolate treatment from GPs, specialists, free hospital treatments, free eye and dental treatments, spectacles and hearing facilities this would have greatly increased the overall health of the nation which boosts its success as a reform. However, on the other hand it is beta to remember that this health care reform was of an enormous expense, to the point that National Insurance funds did not cover it.This therefore meant that they had to backtrack on free for all and even had to place charges on prescriptions, spectacles and dental treatment which acts as its biggest limitation as it slightly contradicts its original intention. Howev er, even though this was the case millions of people continued to be treated and their health improved nonetheless which illustrates its success Right wing historians argue that the NHS was too generous in allowing to get free dentures and prescriptions, that there were too wasteful of resources.Furtherto a greater extent, there still clay great diachronic debate that it seemed overgenerous for a country so recently battered economically by the world war. Critics similarly argue that the Labour government should have concentrated on the rebuilding of shattered industries than reforming the healthcare system so radically Cornelli Bernett argues that the NHS was too expensive, and the government should have got the economy on track first. However, left hand wing historians argue very much in favour of it stating t was a radicalisation that was necessary to improve the health of Britain and that it is the governments responsibility to encounter after the health of its population. Also, it is important to remember that those who were treated would be able to return to work and by doing this, contribute to the recovering economy in the long term the economy would put itself back on track by a healthy workforce. This reform can also be verbalize to be a success as it provided a universal health service without any insurance qualifications of any sort, this shows its success as anyone could qualify for it, meaning anyone could be helped.However, the biggest pointor that demonstrate its success is that the queues of people who claimed highlights the extent of the untreated problems 8. 5million dental patients were treated in the first year and 5 million spectacles were issued. However, this can also be interpreted as people just being inquisitive or looking to get something for free though it seems much more pragmatic and concrete that it is simply illustrating the scale of the problem.Another argument that shows its success is that it was free, so those who normally would fail to afford it had a chance to finally be treated, recover from their illness and pursue a career pass watering a sustentation, lifting them out of poverty and contributing to the economy.. Its success is based on the sheer amount constituted from its start and therefore, it can be argued that again reforms in this area were of great success. The third giant tackled was Ignorance and focussed on the upbringing of electric razorren in Britain. It can be argued that it was not the most successful factor although it cannot be denied that it did have some effect.The problems faced before these reforms were in need of fixing education was disrupted by the evacuation during the War, as well as the training of teachers. In addition there was a shortage of schools most were in a poor condition which meant the quality of education was directly affected. The Education Act 1944 raised the school leaving age to 15 which can be argued to be successful as it expanded its accessibility. A three level education of technical, grammar and secondary modern schools were created which can also be argued to be reasonably successful as it catered for the specialized needs and learning styles of Britains students.The 11 plus exam was created for this purpose which decided what type of school the child would attend. Its success can be intractable as those who passed this exam, the system worked well for. It can be argued that this reform was successful as it offered working class children a chance to ultimately go to a good school and receive an education that would lead to a University degree and a better quality of life. However, the opposite argument suggests that these reforms were limited in success, especially those who failed this exam.Its lack of credit is measured in the fact these children were expected to leave school by 15, go into low skilled work and thousands of children were basically detain in a world of low paid work and inferior education they were expected to fail. It was argued that it was unsuccessful as it was unfair to determine a childs future at such a young age and ultimately, was not fair. The argument is that there was no equality of opportunity and 75% of pupils were classed as non-academic, completely diminishing the chances of going on to higher education.However, the failures of this reform were not its only aspects it did have some positive effect on the education system. One of its most important successes is that it raised the leaving age to 15 meaning that education was prolonged for thousands, education was begun to be seen as a right. It also meant that more of an opportunity was given those from a poorer background to access education this demonstrates its reasonable success. In addition, another great success worthy of noting is that emergency training schemes for 35,000 teachers were established.This is an important success as it generally raised the quality of education for pupils, up(a) t heir chances of better qualifications and extending their knowledge a great success for their later lives. Another success is that free school milk was introduced which was beneficial as it provided nutrition for pupils also. Although this reform had obvious flaws it was accepted as a success due to the natural cause of post war problems it was accepted that it would take a generation to solve these problems.However, it whitethorn also be suggested that Labour cannot actually take credit for any of this success as the 1944 Education Act was R. A. Butlers Act who was a Conservative. It can be argued there is a fine line between how successful the Labour Government was in bringing these improvements to education when originally, it was not theirs to bring. However, the majority of their input was through implementing these successful changes so credit towards them therefore cannot be overlooked. Overall, it can be argued that this reform was of limited success, especially considering the fact that Labour is a arty that stands for equality thus far the whole new system of education was wholly divisive. However, it was not to the point where it can be classed as unsuccessful it set the foundations for a fairer education system and was as successful as it could be considering the state of Britain after the war. The fourth giant was Squalor and focussed on the issue of housing and could also be argued to be a great success. 1945 see overcrowding as a huge national dilemma, with approximately 750,000 houses destroyed during the War. There was also a desperate lack of workers and timber.There was also a significant population increase by 1 million so more houses were an absolute need. The governments priority became to house the homeless and did so by building prefabs or factory made houses, as well as building good quality council houses with low rents established through the Rent Controls Act. This was successful as it meant that everyone was entitled to a greate r opportunity to own a good quality home for them and their family, and owning this was economically achievable through the low rent that was attached.However, critics may argue that houses were built on too high a specification and concentrated on quality rather than quantity. However, this viewpoint can be argued to be classed as over critical as in the long term these houses were of high quality and lasted longer which generally, is of better value for the government. Another limitation that could be considered is that possibly more houses could have been built if more responsibility had been given to the private sector.However true this claim may be, it cannot be denied that many houses were in fact built without the help of the private sector between 1945 51, Labour built 1 million houses which helped greatly in dealing with the housing crisis, again a major success. It is obvious that the Labour government were successful in focussing on building homes for the working class as 4 out of 5 homes built were council houses, therefore it contradicts the arguments that more houses should have been built as in itself this is a great achievement to accomplish housing on this scale.However, on the other hand there was still a considerate housing shortage in 1951 as well as long waiting lists for council houses. In addition, the 1951 nose count revealed that there were still 750,000 fewer houses than there were households in Britain. This was roughly the same level of homelessness as in 1951, clearly there was still room for improvement. Futhermore, historian Timmons argues that traditionally, housing has been branded the welfare state failure of Bevan and the 1945 Labour Government.Despite this, overall it becomes obvious to see that the new council estates still vastly improved the state of crowded tenements and that millions of people were affected positively, even though these houses were still in a considerate demand many families housing conditions were i mproved. Although the record was not overpower it can be argued that Labour came close to its goal of 1945 in terms of the objectives of housing quality and affordable working class homes Therefore, it can be think that reforms on housing can be deemed as successful as it paved the way for better housing reforms in the future.The last giant tackled was Idleness that promised jobs for all. There was a desperate need to avoid an economic slump after the war and the fear of unemployment levels returning to those of the 1930s pushed the government to take action. This was make by encouraging full employment and was generally done so by careful planning. Local authority spending was encouraged in helping people to find jobs and the government also had success in controlling inflation with price controls and continuing rationing.This was all seen as successful as it helped thousands of families earn themselves an adequate living through receiving employment that was capable of lifting them out of poverty. Another argument that illustrates its success is that many historians such as Brooke claim that This was Labours single most important domestic achievement which shows just how highly he regards its success. In addition, this reform was successful at dramatically reducing unemployment.Bevan has previously said it was not possible to snub unemployment below 3% yet this was achieved by Labour in 1946, which can be argued that this directly correlates to the success of this Labour reform. Another point that demonstrates its success is that Britains growth rates were better than Americas as a result, however it can be also argued that this was only because of the war there was a huge increase in the demand for British goods so Labour cannot take credit. There still remains an argument that whichever government was in power there would have been full employment, that it was a factor outwith government control.It can be argued that this is mainly due to the fact tha t world demand meaning that Britain could sell its exports. This was also accelerated by the fact that all countries needed to restock due to the damage of the war, therefore suggesting that the government did not have to create jobs itself. On the other hand, so much improvement in unemployment was achieved during this time that it seems only natural to credit Labours work as it was their action that ultimately was fulfilled.This was made even more impressive by a climate of crisis and diminished resources, a true success for the Labour government. Furthermore, economic historians tend to conclude that it was difficult to see how Labours performance could be improved upon. Thus, it can be concluded that Labours efforts to provide jobs for all was very successful. Overall, it seems obvious to conclude that the Labour Welfare reforms all had some sort of positive impact on Britain during 1945 51.However, it is important to consider that each reform varied in success and ultimately, some were more successful than others. The reforms dealing with poverty dramatically decreased the numbers of those living in poverty and helped families to claim benefits that were desperately needed and thus may be deemed as a success if you consider the sheer amount of families that were helped. The NHS helped reduce the numbers of those who were sick yet at a great expense and so can be argued as less successful but still a great achievement for the Welfare state.It can also be argued that reforms tackling Ignorance were not as successful either with the controversial 11-plus exam yet the quality of education was still improved and the school leaving age was raised so it would be unfair to argue that it did not bring in some positive elements to the education system. Similarly, the issue of housing was addressed quite successfully with the problem of homelessness being tackled by the mass expansion of council housing estates. The success of reducing unemployment was noticeable a lso with the lowest figures of unemployment Britain had ever experienced.Therefore, it can be seen that the Labour Welfare reforms were mostly of great success with the exception of the need of a fairer education system. However, it can be clear to see that all the successes that each reform brought definitely affected millions of the British public in terms of improving health, housing, education, employment and general standard of living. Overall, despite all the problems that Britain faced after the war, Labour completed the Welfare State and successfully managed full employment, thus proving that their reforms were of great success in solving Britains social problems between 1945 51.

Cyber Crimes

Businesses atomic number 18 becoming much and more reliant on the net profit in modern society and it is valuable to think over the crimes that be committed electronic each(prenominal)y. There are criminals on the Internet just as there are criminals on the street, the Internet has several normal crimes that businesses choose to understand. Users on the Internet have rights and violating these rights are the same as violating rights in person. The Internet has rectitudes. That means that people need to be aware of cyber laws and mislabeled cyber activity. Torts make on the Internet are referred to as cyber torts. Torts are simply violated individual.To start, there are several instances where a person is violated on the Internet. The pristine example of being violated in cyber space is opprobrium. Defamation is essentially some(prenominal) type of slander against fewone on the Internet. Whether it is through a web log post, video post, chat room, or message board, att empting to harm someones reputation is against the law. The person committing the crime of defamation kitty be sued for libel. It is ill-timed to furnish and ruin someones reputation and businesses need to realize that even if they are just joking around, saying derogatory things about someone is against the law.However, the Internet helper Provider cannot be held accountable for someone committing defamation. The Internet is a place of freedom but abusing that freedom cannot be the fault of the serve well provider. The national Communications Decency Act was created to protect these ISPs and remind usancers to be decent on the Internet. Several laws have been created due to people abusing the Internet and the benefit providers are not to be blamed. To continue on the topic of cyber crimes, email e-mails are constantly being thrown around but only some are actually legal.If a user is sending so much spam e-mail that it slows down the use of the computer or disrupts the Inte rnet Service Provider, indeed it is a crime. The trespass of chattels is interfering with a persons use of the Internet. All the junk e-mails and pop-ups are annoying for users and is considered a violation. However, the use of these spam type e-mails for commercial use is allowed. The Internet is a great way to advertise so companies are allowed to send bulk e-mail all around the Internet to hope generate some business. It is definitely important for businesses to understand how to properly use spam e-mails.Also, financial crimes are fount to scram more common on the Internet. So much banking and paying bills is done electronically now and it has is pros and cons. Being able to use the Internet for wordy activities handle banking is great. However, all of a persons information is now on the Internet, a very public place. Identity theft is a over earnest horror committed in cyber space. A person can find all of the information needed such as social security numbers, realise of birth, starts maiden name, and all kinds of information about a person that would lead to identity theft.Users need to be extremely careful when accounting entry any financial information on the Internet because it can lead to crimes like identity theft. Businesses need to be extremely careful when putting anything on the Internet. It can destroy a business if someone can access all of the companys records and private information. These crimes are very serious and the culprits portray serious consequences. Overall, all of these types of cyber crimes are important for businesses to understand because so much business is done on the Internet nowadays.Companies are taking more and more precautions to head off all kinds of cyber crimes. Violating someone on the Internet is the same as violating someone in person. There are now cyber laws and breaking these laws has real consequences. From spam e-mails to defamation to identity theft, businesses need to understand all of the dange rs that exist out there in cyber space. Knowing the laws will protect businesses and guide employees to stay indoors the boundaries of the law and keep the company strong.Cyber CrimesBusinesses are becoming more and more reliant on the Internet in modern society and it is important to study the crimes that are committed electronically. There are criminals on the Internet just as there are criminals on the street, the Internet has several common crimes that businesses need to understand. Users on the Internet have rights and violating these rights are the same as violating rights in person. The Internet has laws. That means that people need to be aware of cyber laws and illegal cyber activity. Torts made on the Internet are referred to as cyber torts. Torts are simply violated someone.To start, there are several instances where a person is violated on the Internet. The primary example of being violated in cyber space is defamation. Defamation is essentially any type of slander again st someone on the Internet. Whether it is through a blog post, video post, chat room, or message board, attempting to harm someones reputation is against the law. The person committing the crime of defamation can be sued for libel. It is wrong to try and ruin someones reputation and businesses need to realize that even if they are just joking around, saying derogatory things about someone is against the law.However, the Internet Service Provider cannot be held accountable for someone committing defamation. The Internet is a place of freedom but abusing that freedom cannot be the fault of the service provider. The Federal Communications Decency Act was created to protect these ISPs and remind users to be decent on the Internet. Several laws have been created due to people abusing the Internet and the service providers are not to be blamed. To continue on the topic of cyber crimes, spam e-mails are constantly being thrown around but only some are actually legal.If a user is sending so much spam e-mail that it slows down the use of the computer or disrupts the Internet Service Provider, then it is a crime. The trespass of chattels is interfering with a persons use of the Internet. All the junk e-mails and pop-ups are annoying for users and is considered a violation. However, the use of these spam type e-mails for commercial use is allowed. The Internet is a great way to advertise so companies are allowed to send bulk e-mail all around the Internet to hope generate some business. It is definitely important for businesses to understand how to properly use spam e-mails.Also, financial crimes are beginning to become more common on the Internet. So much banking and paying bills is done electronically now and it has is pros and cons. Being able to use the Internet for tedious activities like banking is great. However, all of a persons information is now on the Internet, a very public place. Identity theft is a serious offense committed in cyber space. A person can find all of the information needed such as social security numbers, date of birth, mothers maiden name, and all kinds of information about a person that would lead to identity theft.Users need to be extremely careful when entering any financial information on the Internet because it can lead to crimes like identity theft. Businesses need to be extremely careful when putting anything on the Internet. It can destroy a business if someone can access all of the companys records and private information. These crimes are very serious and the culprits face serious consequences. Overall, all of these types of cyber crimes are important for businesses to understand because so much business is done on the Internet nowadays.Companies are taking more and more precautions to avoid all kinds of cyber crimes. Violating someone on the Internet is the same as violating someone in person. There are now cyber laws and breaking these laws has real consequences. From spam e-mails to defamation to identity t heft, businesses need to understand all of the dangers that exist out there in cyber space. Knowing the laws will protect businesses and guide employees to stay within the boundaries of the law and keep the company strong.

Managers vs Leaders

MANAGEMENT 100 Using examples, compargon and contrast the characteristics of both negociaters and leaders. There is a lot of confusion, or at least rattling contrary views, just well-nigh what is meant by management and what is meant by leading, about whether the ferment of carriages is fundamentall(a)y assorted from the compute of leaders, and whether they are in fact different roles at all. Of course the meaning of such ambiguous words will depend on the definition people choose to retort those words, and there are many authors who affair management and leading interchangeably while there are some other authors who stipulate very separate definitions for each.As Summarized by Professor Warren Bennis, way is amazeting people to do what needs to be done. lead is getting people to want to do what needs to be done (Bennis 1989). Whilst private instructors have the authority to make people get work done, leaders will inspire, motivate and mentor people in to getting thi s work done. Many managers have non yet mastered the interpersonal skills needed in order to have peachy leadership skills. (The Talent Management Experts, 2007). leading occurs through the use of influence, non the use of force (Naddafpour, 2012). Jim Clemmers idea is that we manage things and we lead people (Clemmer 2012).Management is said to focus more on work. We manage physical assets such as money, paperwork, equipment, etc. Management tends to maintain focus on Fayols four functions of Planning, Organising, controlling, and leading. (Waddell, Jones and George 2011) They also problem solve, cope with complexity, budget and make in effect(p) decisions. Whereas lead focuses on people and how they are mentored. Leaders will typically create vision and set a direction to promote change and discontinue strategies to inspire, innovate and motivate people, forming relationships and creating teamwork (Future Visions. n. d. ).Typically these are the general definitions given b y most authors however everyone has their own ideas about the work that each does. In a Harvard avocation Review Classic article, Zaleznik (1992, 15) observed that managerial culture emphasizes rationality, order and control, and that a manager is a problem solver. He went on to suggest that leadership requires very different skills and behaviours more similar to an artist, that leaders tolerate chaos and lack of expression, they are creative and concerned with transformation. Zaleznik argued that the development of a leader is very different to that of a manager.In so doing Zaleznik not only proposes that leadership work is indeed different from management work but also that managers and leaders are different roles and different people. In another Harvard Business Review article entitled What Leaders really Do Kotter (2001, 85) writes that management and leadership are two distinctive and complementary systems of action. Both are necessary for success in an increasingly complex and volatile business environment. For Kotter, management is about coping with complexity, about creating order and stability. In contrast, leadership is about coping with change.He uses a military analogy a peacetime army is about administration and management with good leadership only necessary at the top, whereas in wartime people must be led into battle by leaders at all levels. Kotter elaborates that management is about planning and budgeting whereas leadership is about setting direction, management is about organizing and staffing whereas leadership is about aligning people, and finally management is about controlling and problem understand whereas leadership requires motivating and inspiring. Kotter describes the commonly parroted list of differences between what leaders do and managers do.It is probably more accurately a description of management behaviours/work and leadership behaviours/work than a distinction between managers and leaders. In truth many managers do untol d leadership work, and many leaders do much management work, so it the distinction between roles is a bit artificial, but it is true there are different types of work. The commonly held distinction between manager and leader is perhaps summed up well by Hickman (1990, 7) The words manager and leader are metaphors representing two opposite ends of a continuum. Manager tends to signify the more analytical, structured, controlled, deliberate, and orderly end of the continuum, while leader tends to occupy the more experimental, visionary, flexible, uncontrolled, and creative end. I like to think of the prototypical manager as the person who brings the thoughts of the headland to bear on the daily organisational problems. In contrast the leader brings the feelings of the soul to bear on those same problems. The mind represents the analytical, calculating, structuring, and ordering side of tasks and organisations.The soul, on the other hand, represents the visionary, passionate, creati ve, and flexible side. Jacques and Clement (1994, 19) suggest that the separation of manager from leader has reinforced the modern day tendency to debase the idea of the managerial role. They say it is an impossible and incorrect separation. Instead managers have leadership accountabilities, and to be a good manager one also needs to demonstrate good leadership. Being a good boss is not about simply relying on hierarchical authority but about setting purpose and getting people to be active in the direction of that achieving that purpose.Similarly McDonald, Burke and Stewart (2006, 79) lament that leader is apply in a positive manner suggesting charisma and vision, and doing the right thing, whereas manager is used in a somewhat demeaning fashion to mean rule following, concerned with efficiency, doing things right. They argue that this is a misleading dichotomy. Instead they argue that all managers are leaders in the sense that they lead people, that being a manager entails doi ng leadership work (as well as doing other management work such as planning, budgeting, etc. ). On the other hand not all leaders are ineluctably managers.The leadership quality of a manager reflects their ability to create a productive culture through social process. In all it is believed by some that to be a good manager you need to be a good leader but to be a good leader you do not need to be a manager (Webster, 2012). But can you really point to one individual person and say they are a manager but not a leader and to another and say they are a leader but not a manager. The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Which is why some authors actually talk about managerial leadership So what does all this add up to?Certainly there are different views about whether managers and leaders are the same or different roles/people. It is perhaps a false dichotomy or at least not useful in so far as there are many many people with the job title of Manager but for whom a good deal of the ir work is leadership work. However most authors do agree that there is a set of characteristics/skills/values/behaviours which can clearly be defined as leadership attributes, and the exercise of these attributes is identifiable as leadership work and it is indeed distinct from the planning, controlling, budgeting, reporting work of a manager. ReferencesBennis, W. 1989. On sightly a leader. London Hutchinson Business Books. Clemmer, J. 2012. Management vs. Leadership. http//www. jimclemmer. com/management-vs. -leadership. php (accessed May 14, 2012). Future Visions. n. d. Leader Vs Manager. http//www. futurevisions. org/ldr_mgr. htm (accessed May 14, 2012). Hickman, C. R. 1990. Mind of a Manager- Soul of a Leader. Canada John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jaques, E. , and S. D. Clement. 1994. Executive Leadership A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity. Arlington Cason Hall & Co Kotter, J. P. 2001. What Leaders Really Do. Harvard Business Review, December 85.Macdonald, I. , C. Burke and K. Stewart. 2006. Systems Leadership Creating Positive Organisation. England Gower Publishing Limited. Naddafpour, Ali. (2012). Chapter 11 Leadership and Influence Processes. Lecture notes. Retrieved from College of the Canyons Website http//www. canyons. edu/Faculty /naddafpoura/Bus110/Bus110Ch11Sum. htm (accessed May 14, 2012). The Talent Management Experts. 2007. Business Impact Leadership Brochure. Sydney Development Dimensions International Inc. Waddell, D. , G. R. Jones, and J. M. George. 2011. Contemporary Management. 2nd ed. North Ryde, NSW McGraw-Hill Webster, A. 2012.Comparison of Management and Leadership. http//www. ehow. com/info_7758884_comparison-management-leadership. html (accessed May 14, 2012). Zaleznik, A. 1992. Managers and Leaders Are they Different. Harvard Business Review, March 15. http//hbr. org/1992/03/managers-and-leaders-are-they-different/ar/1 (accessed May 14, 2012). SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENTAssignment COVER SHEET Your Name/s SHARNI TIETZEL educatee No/s 148 59351 Unit Name Management 100 Unit Index No. 10848 TUTORS Name MARTIN TURNBULL TUTORIAL Day/magazine/Class EXTERNAL Assignment Title (where applicable) INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Dont forget to date stamp 18/05/2012Students comments to Lecturer/Tutor (if any) transport read the following and sign where indicatedDECLARATION I/We declare the attached assignment is my/our own work and has not previously been submitted for assessment. This work complies with Curtin University of Technology rules concerning plagiarism and copyright. Refer to www. policies. curtin. edu. au/documents/unit_outlines_plagiarism_state. doc for plagiarism and copyright information. I/We have retained a copy of this assignment for my own records. Signed SHARNI TIETZEL THIS SECTION IS TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER/TUTOR COMMENTS TO STUDENT Recorded trade name Lecturer Date ASSESSMENT 2 RESPONSE SHEET Individual Essay Students need to use both in-text referencing and build a reference list. Students m ust use 8 sources of reference fewer than this will result in a fail grade. Mark Research * A range of sources used * Detail and relevance of research * Originality of sources/approach * Overall depth and quality of research /20 Content * telling introduction * Body of essay- clear discussion that remains focused on the topic * Conclusion restatement of purpose, summary of major findings, synthesis of argument. /20 Analysis * deprecative analysis (Developing an argument or a point of view) * Overall depth and quality of analysis /30 References * Minimum reference requirements met * References used to support arguments and ideas * separate CHICAGO Version 16 style * All references cited in-text /20 Academic writing * Grammar * Writing is clear and concise * Sentence structure * Paragraph structure * Spelling * Use of third person voice * Overall academic style /10 General Comments (in particular what the participant would need to do to get a higher mark and what has been done well) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One Minute Manager Essay

The most obvious lesson I learned in how simple management can be. The hotshot piece coach-and-four Style of Management, at its most advanced form is basically the opposite of micromanaging. It is a quick and quick and concise form of management that maxamizes results. It is a technique that can also be taken outside of the work place. One minute Goal Setting is the simplest of the steps to becoming a One Minute Manager. It requires both parties to write down their goals in a short and concise format. One minute praisings are unique because the manager spends considerable beat seeking for what an employee does right instead of anticipating the employee to do something wrong. Many of us can remember back to when we were kids and did something to upset our parents. The times that we felt the worst were when our parents acted in a manner consistent with the One Minute Reprimand style.It is imparative that a manager sets clear and concise goals with the employee as soon as the first time on the job. Everytime there is a project the employee(s) should sit down and write goals that do non exceed a page in length, but should also be quantitive. Read and reread each goal periodically, as well as evaluating the employees performance. After reading the goal setting procedure it would have save me many headaches and misunderstandings. It is especially nice because the manager and the employee get a copy of the goals. If the employee ever forgets the goals, he or she can simply look at their hotshot page document. The manager should file the goals so they can be revisited upon the projects completion to see if goals were met. All of this helps eliminate diffusion of responsibility at heart the workplace since every employee will have a written statement of what they need to focus on for their project.I recently started using One Minute Appraisals. I started this about 3 months ago. It has makeed me both in my professional and personal life. It has improved my rela tionship with my girlfriend. She has constantly complained about how I never tell her what she does well. I finally took the intiative and decided to tell her what she does well. I noticed it improved a relationship with a new employee. He is in charge of an additional duty. However, since he is new he felt like he did not know the program as well as he could have. I asked him if he had genuine the readying reltated to the additional duty. He said, Yes. I proceeded to ask him a series of questions he should know.He answered them all correctly and even provided me with information that I did not know. To me, this was impressive because I spent 2 years at this base and 4 months on this additional duty and had never learned what he had scarce told me. After he gave us all his valuable knowledge I pulled him aside and praised him. I told him that he needs to be more confident and he just provided valuable information to 2 of the most experienced technicians in the shop. Just like the book said he would be, he was surprised. I gave him a very strip down version of the appraisal. I did not however, tell him the benefit he had had towards the shop. I did see the realization in his eyes and the hitch up in his confidence. I will take what I learned from this book and use it, especially now since I will be held responsible of the training of the 5 newest airmans.One minute reprimand is a very useful tool in a managers arsenal. It lets the employee know what he or she did wrong, why it upsets the manager, and why it is not beneficial to the company, all in under ace minute. I personally do not like to give one minute reprimands. I usually am disappointed when a fellow employee fails to do what I ask, and simply take it upon myself to do the job correctly. The company would benefit most if I took this fellow employee aside and told him why I am disappointed in him. Part of the blame would be placed on myself because I did not establish written goals with him or her. If there was a scenario where written goals were established, hopefully a one minute reprimand would motivate the employee not to committ the homogeneous mistake.The One Minute Goal Setting, One Minute Appraisals, and One Minute Reprimad allows the One Minute Manager to spend adequate time with his employees in say to produce the best results possible. It also opens up time for the manager to focus on the business and create possibilities of growth. The time spent with employees is not about quanitity, its about quality. The manager allows the time to create unique expectations for each employee as well as maintain open communication about achievements and disappointmens of employees. This system provides feedback turn allowing the employees and the manager to move about things at a quick pace to stay on top of everything. The One Minute Manager is ideal within the workplace due to the level of trust he has established with his employees, and the success he has in all aspects o f his life.

Are Test Scores a Good Indication of a Student’s Competency?

Are test scads a mature indication of a students competency? Nowadays, galore(postnominal) students spend all their period in learning the courses and preparing the tests, and they dont have any time to take component in opposite activities. Is this phenomenon good or not? However, are test scores a good indication of a students competency? Opinions vary from person to person. As far as I am concerned, test scores are not the save standard of evaluation, plainly it is still very important. early of all, not only those who get very tall test scores set up achieve success.Test scores only stands for a small part of ones competency. Test score is a reflection of your daily study. A good examination results indicates that you study hard, know how to go ahead and be different with those who lives without any aims. make headway themselves arent what count, its the fact that you are a person of ability or not. For example, the college accounting entry examination score of Jiang Fangzhou, who is a talent young writer, was not so high. But Because of his outstanding writing ability she was unconventional admitted by Tsinghua University.Besides, the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Mo Yan, but he had only primary education. On the separate hand, high test score does not always represent a very strong personal capacity. High scores and low abilities is a new phrase in china. Xiao Li, a graduate who was pertly out of school, hasnt found a job yet. He said, I cant do anything except studying, especially interpersonal skills and the ability of living independence. Maybe because my High scores and low abilities, I cant get an offer from any company. When you are a person who has no other ability, test score can be a standard to evaluate your ability. But when you enter the society, maybe it is meaningless. It just represents your history, and you need to have various other abilities, such as practice ability, innovation ability, buns power and in terpersonal communication ability. Thirdly, test score is not a capital, but some time it is the knocking brick of success. Test score is still an important standard of selecting candidates in todays china.For example, in most cases, the college entrance examination and the civil servants examination are completely according to the examination scores for students admission. In addition, umpteen employers choose better employees in according to their test scores. So to most ordinary people, if we have high scores, we can have more opportunities All in all, test scores are not the only standard of evaluation. But under the exam-oriented education, we must have a high score, only then we can be recognized by the society. Of course, we should not only manage to get high test scores, but also improve our other abilities as far as possible.

Rationales of eu north africa cooperation

Introduction europium has strong ties with the compass north Afri thunder mug recites which were built through the historic events, peculiarly with the Maghreb. subsequently the Barcelona Process and the creative wreakivity of the planetary Mediterranean casenership, the EU northward-African dealingss were opened to an official and productive cooperation. However, adept could non sabotage the dealingss between the EU and most major states in northeast Africa front to the 1995 particularly Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. These three states have historical dealingss with the EU particularly with power colonisers France and Spain. The EU-North African relationship can be traced back to the sixtiess and 1970s by the sign language of economical groundss which were the footing of the new partnership. for case, the 1975 conference of security and cooperation between Europe and the Mediterranean states that took topographic point in Helsinki. The being of the European norms and value in the semi governmental relations and determination devi prattle of the Maghreb states helped both billets to develop a longstanding relationship. Addition every(prenominal)y, the Maroc foreign policies were more than(prenominal) directed toward Europe than either other part because of the colonial invasion. This paper forget analyse the EU North Africa dealingss and the principles tardily the cooperation, but before that I leave behind(predicate) give a theoretical account of the nature of the relationship.Specifying the RelationshipIn the literature of the EU North African dealingss, the construct of dependance is relevant because of the nature of the North-South dealingss between the two parties. The asymmetrical nature of the partnership made the North African states more depending on the EU than the other manner around. Dependency is a state of affairs in which the economic system of certain states is conditioned by the development and enlargement of another economic system to which the former is subjected 1 . In other words, the dependance of one side is much large(p)er than that of the other side 2 which consequences in a domination and development of the centre ( North ) to the fringe ( South ) . As a consequence of this cooperation, North Africa is traveling to roll up a much greater cost if the relationship breaks up because the Maghreb exports 67 % and imports 65 % of their wide-cut employment from the EU while the latter exports 2.4 % and imports 2.3 % from their constitutional mean 3 . Despite these differences and the insecurity of the Maghreb economic system, the EU has besides major links in the part which push some bookmans and research workers to reason that it s a mutualness based relationship. In the succeeding(prenominal) subdivision, The economic system including agricultural trades and energy resources in add-on to such pertainig issues such as supreme migration and terrorist act are the EU principles to be discussed in inside informations in the undermentioned subdivision.EU rationales behind the cooperationEuropean fraternity rationales vis a vis North African cooperation have different dimensions. The Barcelona Process is one of the major stages that strengthened the EU-North African association although it was a confined to. To understand the grounds behind the European involvement in North Africa, one should travel back to the Euro-Mediterranean conference that took topographic point in Barcelona in 1995 pickings at bettering the European Union partnership with the Mediterranean states both the Mashriq and Maghreb. However, due(p) to the US force per unit area on the EU intercession in the Arab-Israeli struggle as a consequence the EU focal point its dealingss on North Africa. The first aim which is the major rational behind EU involvement in North Africa is contending political Islam and terrorist act in the part. Harmonizing to the EU authorities this partnership will mak e peace and security in the part and hence prevent the rise of extremist Islam in North Africa. The regard of the human rights declaration and the acceptance of democratic values in the part was the rear behind the cooperation. However, the concealed involvement was the fear from the spillover of the Islamist motion and terrorist activities into Europe through migration. The EU concern was to govern the part to forestall terrorist act from taking topographic point in the European dirt. The first head t separatelyer failure to accomplish this end was the 1995 and 1996 terrorist onslaught in Paris that was the consequence of the Gallic support to the Algerian government which was against the FIS ( Islamist Opposition Movement ) , this event is one of the failure of the partnership to protect the European surety 4 The European were interested in the creative activity of a Free guile partition and to develop an economic web with North Africa in order to better the economic secto r and intersection of the Mediterranean states with an emphasize on Maghreb. However, this involvement was good for both parts because it enabled the EU to entree clean the natural resources and agricultural merchandises in North Africa and it helped this latter to export its manufactured goods to the international market. However, if we look at the transit cost North Africa is non profiting every bit much as the EU because of the type of trade goods exported for case, the merchandises exported to the EU are much more dearly-won than the 1s imported in footings of transit ( phosphates vs engineering ) . Trade liberalisation in the part was another factor behind the European partnership. This end has been reached in 2000 more specifically in the Agadir Declaration ofMay 8, 2001, in which the authoritiess ofEgypt, Morocco, and Tunisia made a committedness to regional trade liberalisation. 5 The literatures on this subject argue that the EU foreign policy vis a vis North Africa w as taking at advancing human rights, res publica, development in the part. The EU is considered the largest giver in the universe sing preparation financial aid particularly to North Africa and one of the largest importers of North African agricultural merchandise ( 67 % of the inherent export of the Maghreb Region ) . Based on these elements, the EU is utilizing a soft power scheme to pass on their policies and involvements in the part which are more about security and economic than the publicity of human rights and land in the part.The purpose of the European Union in holding partnership or association with the Mediterranean states peculiarly the North-African states is to act upon the policies of these states for the EU s gains. Harmonizing to Youngs commanding North Africa and advancing EU s political orientation courses and political relations was a manner to demo its power over these part and more broadly the Mediterranean states 6 . The strong influence of the US in the Middle East and the failure of the EU intercession in this part particularly in the Arab-Israeli struggle pushed the European Union to advance its political orientations and full influence on North Africa. Illegal migration from the South is going a important phenomenon in the European Community. Sub-saharan Africans are utilizing North African states as a span to Europe which starts devising serious jobs sing employment and security particularly in Spain and France. Harmonizing to the realist school this cooperation is chiefly to boot up EU laterality alternatively of constructing a part which can be explained by the reluctance of the EU to coerce Euro-Mediterranean partnership aims in footings of democracy and human rights 7 . However, the undermentioned subdivision analyzes North African principles and chief involvements behind the cooperation with the European Union.North -African RationalesEconomic involvement is the major rational behind Maghreb dealingss with the Euro pean Union. European roots existed in North Africa since the colonisation clip peculiarly in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Since that clip the Maghreb part has been beef uping its dealingss with the European Union through understandings and trade cooperation. Tunisia and Morocco were considered emerging states in footings of exports because of the step-up of their entire exports to Europe 8 . In add-on to the benefits that the Maghreb is making from trade with European Union ( 67 % of Maghreb exports ) it s besides making a fragile and insecure economic construction for the part. This can be explained by the economic orientation of the Maghreb towards Europe. The economic involvement of the Maghreb started to be realized in 1969 when the EC signed a trade understanding with Morocco and Tunisia. The major facet qualifying the EU- Maghreb dealingss was autarkic dialogues which did non set the Maghreb states in a symmetrical place. Bettering links with Europe was another rational b ehind the Euro-Maghreb dealingss that resulted in the creative activity of the UMA to hold more saddle and negociate jointly with the EU. European fiscal support was major end for North Africa nevertheless, between 1995 and 1999 the Mediterranean part received merely five milliards dollars which represent 90 million dollars for each state and roughly of this fiscal aid went to Egypt and Turkey because for Algeria this fund represent merely some few yearss of oil intersection 9 . The literature vis a vis the principles behind the cooperation were more about economic for North Africa. Tunisia and Morocco had the strongest ties with EU as consequence Morocco was the 2nd state subscribing the Euro-Med understanding with the EU after Tunisia. Attracting foreign investing and European helper to the part was another factor behind the economic involvements of the Maghreb. After the decolonisation procedure the part was developing, as a consequence Maghreb states started a procedure o f social, political, and chiefly economic reforms as a consequence some states in North Africa peculiarly Morocco, strengthened its ties with the EU for some political and societal grounds. North African states were negociating independently with the EU to pull political support for their ain internal issues. Under the context of democratization and human rights, Morocco is the 2nd big receiving system of EU fiscal support in North Africa because of the societal and political reforms that the state has experienced during the last few old ages. Social development becomes another involvement of Maroc dealingss with Europe as a consequence the EU contributes by 47 % from the Moroccan entire foreign assistance budget. The North African involvement of the cooperation spread out to societal and political involvements. The EU is non satisfied with some North African states political reforms such as Tunisia and Algeria but still merchandise and foreign assistance toward these states are no n impacted which could clearly explicate the security ground behind the European cooperation with the Maghreb. The partnership started by an economic involvement of Europe in the Maghreb However, after the expansion of the EU, security and political instability become the major cause behind European involvement. After the expansion of the EU, The involvement of North African states in trading with EU was negatively wedged because of the rise of fight from the Eastern European axis particularly in agricultural merchandises.To some extent Algeria had some limited cooperation with the EU due to the political instability in the state. Algeria was one of the North African states that refused to accept the European clause of democracy and human rights of the Barcelona Process. Algeria was non interested in international cooperation every bit much as work excursion its ain internal jobs. On the other manus, Algeria had chiefly an economic involvement behind the EU-Maghreb cooperation becau se it did non accept any European political advice although they were threatened by the EU to diminish the foreign assistance and even bring home the bacon in seting force per unit area on the EU to take conditionality on assistance. Algeria had a great possible six a six energy which made France really flexible sing their dealingss. The EU-Algerian cooperation started to reject due to the reluctance of Algeria to follow the economic and political reforms. The EU peculiarly France started to go less independent on Algerian energy resources after replacing this latter Russian gas and Norse oil. After 2000, Algeria had reduced to some extent the political instability and Islamic menace in the state. To sum up, the North African states had economic involvements behind the cooperation with the EU. However, this involvement has been developed to the extent that it became besides societal, political and secure. The rise of terrorist act in the part non merely threatened the Europe Union but besides the political governments and the publicity democracy in North Africa, as a consequence European fiscal assistance sing peace and security became extremely indispensable and appreciated by North African states. In footings of societal development, developing states rely on foreign assistance because development for them is more foreign than internal issue. However, and since all North African states are non plenty developed, foreign assistance become the major grounds behind the partnership at least for Morocco and Tunisia. From a North African position trade and foreign assistance are the chief principles behind the partnership and for the EU it is more about security due to the fright from the spillover of terrorist act to European states. In conformity with the EU accent on security, the International universe criticized the EU for being supportive to the dictatorship in the Maghreb part in order to command the political Islam.DecisionFrom a European position the EU North Africa dealingss are hard to spot because different restraints such as Islam and terrorist act prevent it from booming. In general, the EU is really flexible sing its dealingss with the North African states because they do non utilize difficult power or push authoritiess for political and economical reforms ( the instance of Algeria ) , they merely piece these principals at the surface of their dealingss to accomplish their chief aims. Frankly, the EU has made some advancement in accomplishing their ends because instantly cloak-and-dagger in-migration is more controlled by the North African states and there is a dramatic addition in the execute of the European investors to the part. After analysing both parts interested in the EU North-Africa cooperation, one could chew over that we have a European laterality over the part exemplified by the flow of foreign assistance and direct foreign investings in North Africa peculiarly to Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. From a realist po sition it is an mutuality relationship. However, from a capitalist and economic point of position it is an asymmetric relationship. Regionalization of the Maghreb is one of the grounds behind this dependence, because each state in North Africa is covering with the EU independently. However, I do believe that it is a win-win state of affairs because the EU is indirectly run intoing its involvements through direct investings which will open more business concern chances in the part and hence cut down the flow of migration to Europe. The foreign assistance investing brings benefit to the EU excessively because of the inexpensive labour market. Harmonizing to Youngs democratisation and human rights principals become adopted in North Africa until the EU started funding undertakings sing those issues nevertheless, still we are far from being democratic provinces.BibiolgraphyBooks and articlesAhmed Aghout, Nature, Characteristics and Determinants, Ashgate, 2000Beverley Crawford, the impa ct of the EU expansion on the Euro-Med Partnership, denim Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol.5 No.23 EU committee 2005Chabi, Amine. Devloping Maroc -Eu copperation the Advanced position. Al Akhawayn University Students question Papers Series, No. 23, 2004.Khaliq, Urfan. Ethical Dimentions of the Foreign Policy of the European Union. Cambridge University Press, 2008.Mario Telo European Union and New Regionalism, Ashgate, 2002Moussis, Nicholas. convey to European Policies. Eiropean Study Service, 2007.Rapport General sur lactivite de lUnion Europeenne 2007. Commission Europeenne, 2008.Riffi, Bouhout El Mellouki. La politique Francaise de Cooperation avec les Etats du Maghreb 1955-1987. Published/Toubkal, 1989.Youngs, the European Union and the publicity of democracy, Oxford University Press, 2001Electronic BeginningsAgn & A eacute s Chevallier, Francoise Lemoine, Laurence Nayman, LUnion europ & A eacute enne et SA P & A eacute riph & A eacute rie effects de lintegration commercial, Revue & A eacute conomique vol.50, N & A deg 6, novembre 1999 retreived from www.jstor.comAhmed Aghrout and Keith Sutton, Regional Economic Union in the Maghreb Vol 28, No.1, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1990.Barcelona Declaration and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Europa sum-ups of EU statute law 2005 retreived from hypertext transfer protocol //europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/mediterranean_partner_countries/r15001_en.htmFathallah Oualalou, La Communaut & A eacute Economique Europ & A eacute enne et le Maroc, Vol.17, No.2 Institute of African Affairs at GIGA, Hamburg/Germany, 1982.Smail Goumeziene, Euro Maghreb entre deux Eaux, Alegria Watch Paris, 2002

IKEA in Australia

As a part of International Advertising ADV301 we were designate to research an ad campaign for a product or brand that is marketed locally as tho almost as internationally. To write a report comparing and contrasting the actual advertisements/commercials and campaigns taking various factors into account.The hobby report will examine the worlds largest furniture seller Ikea. By studying Ikeas global strategy as rise as the national strategies and the different advertisement internationally and domestically one will get a deeper understanding of their marketing and publicise executions. The advertisements that will be reviewed in this report are two TV commercial, one from Australia and one from the UK. I chose Australia and UK just to show that pull down countries with similar cultural preferences can have very different approaches. BackgroundA Swedish human beings named Ingvar Kamprad in a small town called lmhult, Sweden, founded Ikea in 1943. The company distributes its p roducts through its retail outlets located in over 39 countries. As of October 2010, the chain has 313 stores, most of them in Europe, pairing America, Asia and Australia (Ikea, 2010).Ikeas vision is to seduce a better everyday life for the many people (Ikea, 2010). Their business idea supports this vision by offering a wide course of high quality, well designed and functional home furnishing products to first-class honours degree prices so that as many people will be able to afford them as possible. Ikea has do this possible by using inexpensive materials in a novel way and minimizing production, distribution and retail costs.IKEA and AdvertisingIKEAs positioning statement is Your partner in better living. We do our part, you do yours. together we save money, referring to the ready-to-assemble furniture.The brand image is the result of over 50 days work by Ikeas co-workers at all levels all over the world. The actions done, things being said, the products offered, the low pr ices, presentation of product range and the information provided to customers all contributes to the overall image. Ikea has a long tradition of marketing communication and has upon till late mainly focused on print media, which has shown to be successful. nevertheless in the last five courses additionally media have been used to an extended degree including TV, radio and Internet (Wise, J., 2000)During the years Ikea has had a flesh of controversial TV commercial, some have even been banned form certain countries throughout the world. However Ikea believes that their controversy is what makes them stand out and separate them from their primary competitors. The marketing department means that if you like it or non it engages people, it provokes conversation and debate, which successfully results in raising awareness of the brand and increasing sales (Wise, J., 2000). Ikea uses advertizement to support many different areas of the business including brand awareness, store themes , catalogue drops and store openings.Every year Ikea publish a free catalogue distributed both in stores and by mail. The catalogue is published in over 36 countries and translated into 27 languages worldwide. The catalogue consumes 70% of the companys annual marketing cipher and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant. 110 million catalogues were circulated last year threesome times higher than that of the Bible, with 13 million of these being available in the UK (Ikea, 2010)Advertising strategyIKEAs target audience is the same in each country they are situated in and is roughly described as everyone but mainly focusing on young families and couples starting out. You have to a greater extent ideas and ambitions than you have a thick wallet during that period of your life, we think Ikea fits in mostly there says Christer Granstrand, moderate of Ikeas international marketing department (Wise, J., 2000). However the target audiences differ from country to c ountry in price of how they perceive or interpret symbols or stimuli, respond to humor or emotional appeals, as well as in levels of literacy and languages spoken.Most of Ikeas ads are known to have a sense of simplicity, practicality, rebelliousness and the unexpected. Ikea has managed to maintain a kind of overall brand personality across the markets, even if the company is cling by country into franchises operating with almost complete autonomy, including setting its own denote budget and developing its own marketing initiatives (Wise, J., 2000). This means that the decision process is centralized but the advertising approach is regional (Mueller, B. 2006). Campaigns are based around the unique marketing conditions and cultural sensibilities of each country. Ikea realized that to strengthen its comportment in the global market it was necessary to localize. They have over the year worked with different advertising agencies to have out some of the most creative and unconven tional television spots across the globe.Ikea uses a alike(p) strategy with modified executions. Within a homogeneous environment advertising standardization is recommendable. If, on the contrary, environmental variables across markets are heterogeneous, customized advertising should be favored (Oboulo, 2010). Some studies argue that a standardized advertising strategy is the most desirable option when consumer needs are universal, while others argue that adaptation of the advertising strategy across boundaries is more appropriate due to differing consumer buying motives and cultures. dustups barriers, media limitation and culture diversity are three major factors that need to be taken in to consideration when developing a strategy.Language is one of the major barriers to effective communication through advertising. The problem involves different languages of different countries, different languages or dialects within one country. Communication is impeded by the great diversity of cultural heritage and knowledge which exists within countries and which causes varying interpretations of even single sentences and simple concept (Payne, N., 2009) Even the simplest and most taken for given aspects of advertising need to be carefully researched. Colors, numbers, symbols and images do not all translate well across cultures.Ikea sells home furnishing products, but not just products but also a way of life, they sell a lifestyle. The lifestyle we have and the way we live differs enormously between cultures and that insight is something Ikea has taken into account not only by tailoring the product range depending on the market but also adapting the advertising execution accordingly. For example, European spots, particularly those in the UK, are more in your face than those in North America, which tend to be more comedic. However Ikea has in general over the last years move towards idea advertising and away from product and price spots that define many of the chains competitors (Wise, J., 2000).A causal agency for Ikeas international marketing success is that executives from Sweden are located wherever Ikea has a head site such as across Europe, North America, Asia and the Middle East, which helps to carry forward the companys incarnate culture (Wise, J., 2000). The international marketing department develops third estate strategies during meetings with local marketing managers where they look at common values, ideas and how they would fit with the traditional vision of Ikea.